ID8: Discourses of mobility and polycentric development: a contested view of European Spatial Planning.
A critical review of the concepts in the ESDP, especially spatial mobility and polycentricity

ID16: Spatial Perspectives in Europe: Spatial Reconnaissance 1999
Study of trends in spatial development in Europe, emphasising the Netherlands contribution to the analysis of trends. Presents approaches to developing and visualising spatial planning perspectives; promotes ideas of polycentric development, and a 'layered' approach to analysing spatial structure (the 'ground', the 'networks', and 'land use'). Draws on recent concepts in urban and regional analysis. Interesting presentation of spatial structure concepts

ID153: Urban system and urban networking in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR)
Urban systems and urban networking in the BSR is an INTERREG IIc project aiming at description of the urban system in the BSR as well as the global role and institutional setting of the urban network in the BSR. This website also provides a list of publications wich describe the project's principal findings, urban patterns, inter-urban cooperation and networking formation

ID232: Spatial Development and Planning in Germany
English language version of report submitted to the Federal German Parliament in 2000, the first Spatial Planning Report to be submitted since 1993. This explains the role of spatial planning in pursuing sustainable spatial development of Germany's territory, in promoting equivalent living conditions in Germany's regions, and in strengthening regional resources. It provides an approach to describing the spatial structure of the german territory, illustrated with maps and case examples. It refers to transport corridors, central places and the urban network, polycentric and monocentric settlement forms, and urban-rural relations. It explores mobility patterns in the territory and identifies a range of inter-regional disparities. It also describes the machinary of spatial planning in Germany, and some of the policy concepts and experiences in urban networks and trans-border co-operation.

ID235: Our towns and cities: the future. Delivering an urban renaissance
The English government's Urban Policy White Paper. It focuses on 'a new vision for urban living', and on measures to improve 'prosperity', service delivery and 'equipping people to participate in developing their communities'.

ID244: City Region 2020: Integrated Planning for a Sustainable Environment
A report from a research project sponsored by the Town and Country Planning Association. This provides a comprehensive overview of the dimensions of urban sustainable development, covering general approaches to models and specific methods and tools. It constructs a model of sustainable urban development, covering the interrelations of the built environment, travel and transport, land and ecology, waste and pollution, energy and climate, economy and work. It relates all this to a model of the city region, integrated around lifestyle and community, regeneration, funding and markets and governance. Throughout, material from all over the world is assembled, but linked to the the challenges of developing a sustainable city future in Manchester, UK

ID275: PASTILLE project summary
Pastille (Promoting Action for Sustainability through Indicators at the Local Level in Europe) research project is being undertaken by a consortium drawn from four European countries - Austria, France, Switzerland and the UK. Each country team is a partnership between a municipality and one or more research competences. Pastille website provides the summary of action research projects into local sustainability indicators, including literature review and annotated bibliography on sustainability indicators

ID297: Learning to Think as a Region: Connecting Suburban Sprawl and City Poverty
Reviews a debate about the nature of urban development, and the links between suburban sprawl and continuing central city poverty, together with concerns about the effect of growth on the environment, quality of life, government efficiency and economic competitiveness.

ID321: EUROCITIES
EUROCITIES is the association of European metropolitan cities. It currently represents 97 cities from 26 European countries and through its thematic subnetworks, many more large, medium-sized and small cities in Europe.It is a key lobby to promote an integrated European urban policy and the involvement of cities in European urban policy processes. The network facilitates the planning and implementation of transnational projects between cities. EUROCITIES's website contains a variety of materials created by or related to EUROCITIES network - documents, events, projects and links to other organisations.

ID322: EUROTOWNS : the European network of medium-sized cities
The members of EUROTOWNS Network are regional or sub-regional centres whose municipalities are committed to active participation in the construction of Europe. The Network aims to promote co-operation and exchange of experience and innovative ideas between European cities of between 50,000 - 250,000 inhabitants. This includes developing specific roles of medium-sized cities in European spatial planning and territorial management and enhancing the capability of these cities in all aspect of local governance. The website contains best practice examples of current projects and activities of the Network and the profiles of its member.

ID323: EU : Database on Good Practice in Urban Management & Sustainability
This database is designed to help local authorities to work towards sustainability by disseminating good practice and policy, facilitating the exchange of experience, and raising awareness about how towns and cities can be managed in more sustainable ways

ID328: Urban system and urban network in the Baltic Sea Region (USUN)
The Urban System and Urban Network project was initiated by the VASAB Committee, which contains representatives from all the countries bordering the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). This website contains information on the USUN project as well as the related publications (i.e. describing the project's principal findings, urban patterns in the 11 Baltic Sea countries, inter-urban co-operation and network formation within trade and investment, higher education, industry, tourism and maritime transport).

ID339: Transforming cities : contested governance and new spatial divisions
Analyses the ways in which relationships of contest, conflict and co-operation are realised in and through the social and spatial forms of contemporary urban life. Focuses on the impact of economic restructuring and changing forms of urban governance on patterns of urban deprivation and social exclusion, contending that these processes are creating new patterns of social division and new forms of regulation and control. Contains case studies to illustrate the discussion.

ID340: The changing urban hierarchy in England and Wales, 1913-1998
This study uses previous studies and develops two measures of urban hierarchy, one based on a combined index and one on the existence of retail stores. These show some differences, but both illustrate the shifts in urban hierarchy over time. The study concludes that larger centres have enhanced their position at the expense of smaller centres.

ID350: Cities in Competition
This study of cities in the UK aims to identify key urban trends, key drivers and relevant indicators. It focuses on the significance of competition between cities and what makes for their competitiveness, drawing out the implications for property markets.

ID353: Urbanization and the functions of cities in the European Community
A study of urbanization and the functions of cities in the European Community, based on field work in 24 cities across Europe. Its focus is on the dynamics of the economic, social and environmental changes at work in European cities. It argues that, as Europe moves towards closer economic and poilitical integration, cities will be even more crucial players in a dynamic European economic space.

ID358: Innovation in Europe: A Tale of networks, Knowledge and Trade in Five Cities
This paper examines the relationships between innovation and space, through studies of innovative firms in Amsterdam, London, Milan, Paris and Stuttgart. It uses the study to test four groups of theory: traditional agglomeration theory, networking, learning and new competitiveness theory. Local linkages emerge as more important in 'regional' cities than international 'world' cities.

ID360: Trading places: Competitive Cities in the Global economy
This paper examines why regional economies grow and why their growth rates differ. It focuses on the importance of demand factors as the engine of growth, the role of the competiveness of a region's exports, the impact of 'cumulative causation' and the geographical clustering of industries. It explores the relative contribution of exports and industrial clusters to innovation in five European urban regions. It examines the evidence for clustering in the UK, and then assesses the experience of five European city regions (Amsterdam, Lonfon, Paris, Milan, Stuttgart). It concludes by arguing that more attention is needed to improving innovation and the export base of cities, and the development of international linkages

ID365: Campaign Interactive: Sustainable Cities Information System
Campaign Interactive is the webpage of the European Sustainable Cities and Towns Campaigns. The Campaign aims to encourage and support cities and towns in working towards sustainability. More than 1400 European local and regional authorities from 38 countries are participating in the Campaign. This website supports the transfer of knowledge and exchange of experience in the field of urban sustainability and Local Agenda 21 in Europe. It contains lists of projects, project partners, publication and documentation related to the Campaign, best practice examples and case studies.

ID367: Towards a Local Sustainability Profile: European Common Indicators
The European Common Indicators project is a monitoing initiative focused on sustainability at the local level. A partnership of different organisations and levels are working together in a joint effort to find comparable data and a better understanding of sustainability in local communities across Europe. Contains a set of sustainability indicators and the documents and publications associated with these indicators.

ID368: Urban Development and Urban Policy in Germany
This report provides an overview which shows how urban policies are integrated into the federal system in Germany. It takes a long time perspective, and covers the relation between spatial planning and urban management and renewal policies. It considers contemporary challenges for urban development and urban policy, and future directions

ID369: Urban Governance, Institutional Capacity and Social Milieux
This book examines the challenges faced by urban governance across Europe as city governments, their partners and their critics struggle to transform themselves in the context of post-industrial economies and societies. It takes an institutionalist perspective to the analysis of these transformations, focusing in particular on the relation between transformation processes and local milieux. It includes case studies from Germany/Poland, England and Scotland, as well as review chapters. Some of the case material is contributed by practitioners involved in strategic spatial planning (in the West Midlands; in the Glasgow and Clyde Valley plan)

ID371: Conceptualising and measuring urban competitiveness in major English cities: an exploratory approach
This paper makes a methodological contribution by developing indicators to measure urban competitiveness. These focus on the relation between the initial stock of assets in a city and the outcomes of competitiveness. The 'urban asset base' appears to be a reasonable predictor of competitive performance, with some exceptions. The paper analyses the assets and performance of English cities and offers some suggestions for policy-makers

ID374: La pianificazione sostenible delle aree periurbane
This collection focuses on different experiences of managing the urban fringe/urban periphery. It also present the experience of the Provincia di Bologna (Progetto Pegaso) in managing such areas. It contains review papers, which emphasis the challenge which sustainable developnment strategies create for urban fringe management, as well as reports from a range of countries (England and Germany are best represented). In Italian

ID390: Metropolitan Regional Planning in Amsterdam
This paper reviews the planning of the Amsterdam metropolitan region up to the mid-1990s. It is examined as an example of 'successful' planning at this scale. It considers the formal structures for planning, the key planning concepts and 'doctrine', and the mechanisms for consultation and co-ordination, including formal agreements. It is argued that the success of the Amsterdam approach arises primarily from the culture and practice of consultation between levels of government, and with a wide range of interests and the general public. This culture makes a complex process work robustly.

ID393: Innovation advantages of Cities: From Knowledge to Equity in Five Basic Steps
This paper examines how cities can act as major centres of innovation, even in some less favoured regions and countries. It argues that such a 'spatial' emphasis to innovation can be effective if attention is paid to knowledge resources, encouraging start-ups and knowledge diffusion, investment from both public and private sectors, development of market linkages and 'investor exit' mechanisms. European examples used in the discussion include Belfast and Cardiff

ID405: Urban Pilot Projects Annual Report 1996
A summary of progress and lessons from the Urban Pilot Projects during the period 1900-1996

ID409: Conditions of success in sustainable urban transport policy - Policy change in 'relatively successful' European cities
This paper outlines some prelimary results of an on-going study on 'conditions of success in sustainable transport policies in cities', using a comparative analysis of five case studies. It describes (i) the trends of transport of persons and the environment, identifying the opportunities and limits of sustainable urban transport developments); (ii) the degrees and patterns of environmentally oriented policy changes in relatively successful cities; and (iii) the reasons and ways policy windows open up for fundamental environmentally oriented changes of transport policies.

ID420: The politics of city-region planning and governance: reconciling the national, regional and urban in the competing voices of institutional restructuring.
Reviews the development towards city-region planning and governance in the UK, specifically looking at 4 main components: (i) central government funding opportunities through partnerships; (ii) the emergence of regional planning; (iii) the creation of regional development agencies in an urban remit; and (iv) opportunities provided by EU funding mehanisms.

ID429: Berlin: towards a Global City?
This paper assesses Berlin's prospects of developing a growth trajectory comparable to Paris or London. Using several dimensions to construct an evaluation framework, the author considers that Berlin is some distance from the prospect of achieving the global city vision which some who discuss the city aspire to. The author concludes by challenging the notion that big cities grow along a single trajectory, arguing that there may be several possible trajectories for Europe's metropolises.

ID436: Travel behaviour in Dutch monocentric and policentric urban systems
Empirical analysis on how monocentric & policentric urban structure affects modal choice and travel distances for different travel purposes in the Netherlands (using the Dutch National Travel Survey). The authors found mixed results on the structure of urban regions with respect to modal choice and distance travelled. The indicated that Dutch strong spatial planning policies could influence these results (i.e. by influencing the locations of residences and jobs in some urban regions)

ID447: Bridging the Oresund: Potential regional dynamics; Integration of Copenhagen (Denmark) and Malmo-Lund (Sweden) : A Cross-border project on the European metropolitan level
Discusses a cross-border project i.e. a fixed link project between Malmo and Copenhagen across Oresund. Also analyses this project in terms of its potential contribution to regional development in the Oresund area, its likely effects on spatial organisation of the territory and cross-border collaboration.

ID460: Metropolitan government and governance in Western Countries: a critical review
Presents a critique of the idea of governance using (i) the theoretical arguments behind experiments in metropolitan government in the 1960s and 1970s and compares them to practices in various countries; & (ii) discusses the current experiments and attempts to present the most innovative, whilst examining the legitimization arguments which have accompnied them. Specific reference is made to metropolitan government and metropolitan governance.

ID484: Growth clusters in European Metropolitan Cities
A comparative study, commissioned by Eurocities, of economic clusters, including a tourist cluster in Amsterdam, Mechatronics in Eindhoven, Telecoms in Helsinki, the Media in Leipzig and Munich, Health in Lyons and Vienna, Cultural Industries in Manchester, and Audio Visual in Rotterdam. The city examples in the text are members of the network. Clusters are defined as "concentrated innovation networks.

ID510: Dealing with deconcentration: Population deconcentration and planning response in polynucleated urban regions in North-West Europe
This paper evaluates the degree to which 'spatial planning matters' in the population distribution process. Analyses the trends of population distribution in 4 regions in the North-West Europe. These regions have similar characteristics: polynucleated settlement system (i.e. without a primate city that dominates the region in all aspects), size & density. The author concluded that in all 4 case study regions, the main trend in population distribution since 1970s has been deconcentration, with the strongest population growth in sub-urban & rural areas (pp. 783)

ID522: Social exclusion and the provision and availability of public transport.
Presents the findings of research on the relationship between transport & social exclusion. It covers both urban and rural areas in Britain. The main aims of this research is to investigate the causal connection between social exclusion & transport (and identifying those groups particularly affected); to assess the ways in which public transport can reduce social exclusion and to propose a range of measures to encourage ridership among excluded groups.

ID548: Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning: comparative case studies of European city-regions
This book examines how a wide range of European metropolitan areas have approached the challenge of co-ordinating spatial development policies, in situations of fragmented governance. It concludes by identifying 4 different models of governance which seem to be emerging. Involves 19 city regions of Western Europe.

ID556: European Cities: Social Conflicts and Governance
Explores the relation between cities and nation states, especially in the context of European integration and the potential loosening of the role of nation states. Explores the potential for cities to act as significant political actors in the European context. Strong historical perspective

ID582: The Emerging 'Urban Agenda' and the European Spatial Development Perspective: Towards an EU Urban Policy?
This paper reviews the prospects of an EU urban agenda emerging, which would give significant attention to unemployment and social exclusion issues. It covers EU Urban initiatives and the ESDP, but is doubtful about the prospects for an EU urban policy emerging.

ID617: Amsterdam Human Capital
An interdisciplinary study of the changes in Amsterdam’s urban space The changing spatial organization of the city of Amsterdam is symptomatic of a larger-scale process: the familiar shape of western cities is changing worldwide. For centuries, the urban core was taken for granted as the focal point for international contacts and day-to-day activities. Currently, the urban scope is transforming into multi-centered forms on a metropolitan scale. The change is not just a matter of spatial form: it reflects social, economic and cultural processes.

ID618: The Role of Dublin in Europe
One of a series of reports feeding into the National Spatial Strategy published 2002.

ID620: The Irish Urban System and its Dynamics
One of a series of reports feeding into the Irish National Spatial Strategy, published 2002.

ID623: EU 6th Urban Environment Action Framework - 1.Thematic Strategy and 2. Background/Consultation Paper
The background paper is part of the EU Sixth Environment Action Programme. It requires the development of a Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment which is to be developed in consultation with the relevant parties such as NGOs, business, public authorities and other partners. This particular part of the consultation process is directed at the academic community in the EU and Candidate Countries. The findings of the consultation exercise will be discussed at a stakeholder consultation exercise (a 'stakeholder platform') to be held in Brussels in June or September 2003. Rob.Atkinson@uwe.ac.uk is the co-ordinator for the academic consultation. The background paper is available in french, English and German. The objective of the exercise is to collect representative views from the academic sector across Europe engaged in the subject matter of the thematic strategy (sustainable urban environment). These views will be used to inform the development of the thematic strategy. It is expected that a Communication will emerge from the Commission by the end of the year that will initiate a wider consultation process. This, therefore, is an opportunity to have an in-put into the process that will shape the Communication and its contents. Ultimately, it is expected that the Communication will lead to a co-decision on the Urban Environment by the Council and the European Parliament sometime in 2005. In essence, with reference to the four areas identified in the background paper relating to the Urban Environment (Sustainable Urban Transport; Sustainable Urban Management; Sustainable Construction; Sustainable Urban Design), the Commission is interested in the following questions: • What is 'best practice' • Why isn't every urban area using best practice techniques • What can be done to overcome these problems • What can Europe do to overcome these problems The European Commission will consider these suggestions carefully in developing the thematic strategy for the urban environment. An interim document (a Commission Communication "Towards a Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment") will be issued for comments by the end of 2003. The Thematic Strategy will be presented to the Council and the European Parliament in 2005. For further information on the European Commission's work on the urban environment including the Thematic Strategy on the urban environment, see the website

ID629: Transport Mode Choice by Commuters to Barcelona's CBD
This paper explores the relationship between subrurbanisation and travel choice (between car, rail and bus), suggesting that a good public transport network, especially rail-based, should lead to increased use of rail. The paper uses a nested logit model of transport mode choice.

ID638: Metropolitan cooperation in Europe: Theoretical issues and perspectives for urban networking
This paper examines the experience and conceptualisation of the co-operation of urban actors at the metropolitan level.

ID643: Partnership with the cities: the URBAN Community Initiative
This report provides an uptodate review of the URBAN Initiative with some examples of projects.

ID645: Urban-rural relations in Europe ESPON 1.1.2
Key concepts were finalised in the First Interim Report when it was agreed that a discussion about urbanisation phase should be included in the project’s framework. Proposed that differential urbanisation theory can be useful as it can be applied at various scales and makes it possible to grasp the diversity of urban systems in Europe.The project has sorted out a list of about 30 indicators relevant for measuring urban-rural relations, especially through interesting combinations. The plan is to define a set of determinants for urban-rural relations. A three-stage approach with a multivariate analysis has been proposed.

ID679: Global City Regions, Their Emerging Forms
A comparative study based on funded research, of eleven city regions across three continents looking at changes over the last 30 years. Examines the socio-economic and physical forms of city regions for comparative study. There are numerous maps underlining research findings. Cities covered are: Ankara,, Madrid, West Midlands, Randstat. (Also, San Diego, Chile, Sao Paulo, Seattle and the Central Puget, Taipei, Tokyo,Bangkok, Boston)

ID721: Negotiative Land-Use and Deliberative Environmental Planning in Italy and Sweden
This contrasts decision-making processes with respect to large infrastructure projects and in relation to Local Agenda 21 processes, finding the latter much more deliberative in both Italy and Sweden, while the former are negotiative. Case examples are from Apulia, Rome, Stockholm and Gothenborg

ID761: ESPON Project 1.1.2 URBAN-RURAL RELATIONS IN EUROPE (2002-04)
The future of numerous rural areas is increasingly functionally interlinked with urban development as is obvious in the densely populated areas (eg peri-urban zones) undergoing considerable urbanisation pressure. It is also relevant for more sparsely populated rural areas, under less visible urban influence. What is the future perspective for urban- rural relationships and the system of mutual exchange, where cities provide services, cultural activities, infrastructures and the major access to the labour market, while rural areas, still producing agricultural products, provide leisure potential and green spaces (amenities)? Will the viability of the rural areas depend increasingly on their proximity and their degree of exchange with urban areas? How can co-operation and partnerships support a sustainable development of rural areas? The project shall further explore relations between urban and rural areas in terms of exchange processes, institutional links and interdependencies. These relations are of special interest on the background of the diverse structure of the EU territory and the neighbouring countries. They have developed substantially but differently within Europe in accordance to the diversity of spatial contexts.

ID795: The Nature of the Neighbourhood
Coase explained the existence and size of firms in terms of transaction costs. Neighbourhoods can be seen as important units of consumption and production.Webster develops a theory of neighbourhood based on transaction costs, property rights and related ideas from new institutional economics. A neighbourhood is defined as a nexus of contracts and four rules that govern itsevolution are specified. Normative aspects of the theory are illustrated by examining the organisational order in neighbourhoods, in particular, the pattern of residual claimants in the contracts that underpin neighbourhood dynamics.

ID798: Another 'Guggenheim effect'? the generation of a potentially gentrifiable neighbourhood in Bilbao
Examines the relation between urban regeneration policies designed to restructure urban cores and the gentrification of deprived inner-city neighbourhoods via the example of Bilbao. It explores the socio-spatial consequences of 1990s regeneration strategies and examines how, once the initial projects were well under way, the City Council identified new spaces for furthering regeneration including Bilbao La Vieja, the most deprived housing neighbourhood in the conurbation but strategically located next to the city centre. Discusses the possible consequences of the designation for the future of the neighbourhood and suggests that the direct intervention of the local government is contributing decisively to making Bilbao La Vieja an obvious candidate for gentrification.

ID811: City region Karlsruhe 2030. Critical evaluation of a research project
21 model regions have contributed in a competition to the Federal research programme (Stadt 2030) confronting questions about the future development of the city and the region. In the City of Karlsruhe physical, administrative and mental limits of the region were a special challenge. This critical review of the conflicts in regional and institutional collaboration within the region of Karlsruhe demonstrates the importance of an equal position of the cooperation partners.

ID832: Policies for urban form and their impact on travel: the Netherlands experience
The paper evaluates the effects of Dutch national physical planning policy on travel behaviour, looking at : the concentrated decentralisation of the 1970s/1980s; the strict compact-city policy of 1980s/1990s; A-B-C location policy; and spatial retailing policy. Using data from the 1998 Netherlands National Travel Survey, the analysis suggests that national spatial planning is most effective in retaining high shares of cycling and walking in large and medium-sized cities, particularly for shopping. In travel time, it is less successful. The building of new towns and development of greenfield neighbourhoods close to cities do not appear to have reduced commuting times. Discusses alternative strategies for promoting public transport, the bicycle and walking through the regulation of land use and suggests relaxing some spatial planning controls.

ID839: The Multiplex City: The Process Of Urban Change in the Historic Centre Of Naples
The paper deals with the process of urban change in Naples over the last decade. It looks at the role of the local actors: the judiciary, new urban political elites, institutionalized civil society and urban social movements.It aims to contribute to the formulation of a critical perspective on multiplex urbanism, by highlighting the co-existence of multiple dynamics of political mobilization in the public domain of contemporary cities. In particular, it tries to show how the mobilization of actors with no direct policy commitments can generate productive outcomes on the organization of space. It argues that these actors not only make claims in the public sphere, but also actively contribute to the dynamics of space production that trigger the processes of spatial change at this level.

ID840: MEDIENSTADT: URBANE CLUSTER UND GLOBALE ZENTREN DER KULTURPRODUKTION
The book sees the spatial organization of the cultural economy as a paradigm of the modern economy The cultural industry is seen as a pioneering sector for organizing creative, inventive economic processes and as prototypical for the spatial organization of modern industry in locally and regionally embedded production clusters. As a conclusion Krätke points out that globalization does indeed promote processes of spatial disembedding. But contradictory to this, these theories offer evidence about new forms of spatial interconnections between economic processes and their local and regional contexts.

ID841: An indicator-based approach to measuring sustainable urban regeneration performance:Part 1, conceptual foundations and methodological framework Part 2, empirical evaluation and case-study analysis
Part1 evaluates the use of indicators as a means of measuring the performance of regeneration against sustainability criteria. Part2 examines the sustainability of current urban regeneration practice, through the application of weighted indicators and a points scoring framework. The analysis applies the hierarchical model discussed in Part 1 to case studies of waterfront areas and cultural quarters in Belfast, Dublin and Barcelona. The evaluation permits performance comparisons to be made between the case studies regarding the sustainability of regeneration areas and projects, variations on an indicator set basis and the sensitivity of scores.

ID877: A cooperative spatial future for RheinRuhr
As in other metropolitan regions, the emerging urban region of RheinRuhr needs to develop a cooperative spatial future. This article explores the underlying difficulties in doing this within strategic regional development. At present, there is no clear difference between traditional land use planning and strategic planning for the whole urban region although there is progress through a functionally overlapping (sub)-regional associationalism towards future city-regional governance .The paper evaluates two new innovative modes of structural regional policies, the Regional Conferences and the IBA. Some ideas are put forward on how the elaboration of a spatial Leitbild for RheinRuhr could be initiated and supported.

ID878: The Flemish diamond: urban network in the making?
The network concept is well-established and used in a wide variety of disciplines.But its application in the context of spatial planning seems vague.This article focuses on the gap between the normative network concept, as used in the Flemish Diamond, and everyday factual reality. A discourse analysis of the performance of the concept at lower planning levels shows a wide variety in understanding of the original concept. It argues that only careful selection of a strategic project for the Flemish Diamond, attractive to a diverse range of actors, might be able to bridge the gap.The paper formulates principles for network management as a multi-level activity to increase the performance of the concept,.

ID879: The theory of polynuclear urban regions and its application to central Scotland
Strategic planning for networks of cities and towns, encapsulated in the polynuclear urban region concept, attracts growing interest in many European regions.Key themes include cooperation between neighbouring cities and coordination between functional policies.This article explores the theoretical benefits including increased economies of scale and improvements in the strength and quality of internal interactions. It applies the arguments to Central Scotland, as the largest concentration of economic activity,with a high level of organizational fragmentation but growing cross boundary issues and coincident growth pressures and deficiencies.Closer cooperation regionally could help the Central Belt to function better as an economic unit and facilitate its ongoing development.

ID892: Urban Regeneration in Europe
Examines changes in the European industrial city by focusing on the policy answers to the decline of manufacturing. Includes 8 case studies. This book provides a comparative account of the process of urban regeneration after the decline in manufacturing and examines the factors influencing these processes, as well as the consequences of their implementation. Through a mixture of theoretical discussion and a series of case studies it examines the extent to which these different European old industrial conurbations are facing similar problems. Does not include quantative anaalysis.

ID909: A Companion to the City
Cities are seen as sites of complex global/local interconnections producing a multiplicity of social, cultural, political and economic spaces and forms. Overview of the key debates, controversies, and questions concerning the city from a variety of theoretical vantage points with an international perspective. It covers a wide range of approaches encompassing the city in literature, planning, representations of the city, policy and analysis and includes papers from leading scholars in the various disciplines

ID912: Urban Planning and Cultural Identity
This book reviews the intense spatiality of conflict over identity construction in three cities where culture and place identity are vital to their operation. It draws on extensive interview sources in the case study cities and asks whether planners can use environmental concerns such as Local Agenda 21 as a vehicle for building a sense of common citizenship in which cultural difference can become embedded.

ID933: Building the new Berlin.the Politics of Urban Development in Germany's Capital City
This book aims to chart urban development in Berlin in the years immediately after unification. It places these observations into theoretical perspectives but no single one is chosen and the intention is to contrast the Berlin experience with the varied prognostications in the urban development literature.The first section provides the political and economic contexts of urban development; the second explores the role and actions of the leading directors of urban change and the third shows the outcomes of planning and development policy through a series of case-studies.

ID946: The Shock Of The New: 100 concepts describing recent urban change
Comments on the changing terminology in urban/city research and includes two lists of terminologies used to describe new metropolitan forms and new intercity relations.

ID966: The Athens Terra-Posidonia Project: Lessons Learned and Future Directions in Metropolitan Coastal Planning
This article presents a critical review of the experience gained from planning projects in the Athens Urban seafront area, particularly the Rehabilitation of the Drapetsona-Keratsini Port-Industrial Zone both independently and within various European programs. Structural weaknesses in the Greek planning system make it difficult to apply an integrated coastal zone management policy and new approaches suggested by European policies show both strengths and weaknesses

ID967: Metropolitan Regional Planning in Amsterdam
This paper reviews the planning of the Amsterdam metropolitan region up to the mid-1990s as an example of 'successful' planning at this scale. It considers the formal structures for planning, the key planning concepts and 'doctrine', and the mechanisms for consultation and co-ordination, including formal agreements. It argues that the success of the Amsterdam approach arises primarily from the culture and practice of consultation between levels of government, and with a wide range of interests and the general public.

ID972: The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001
Cities increasingly use cultural events to improve their image, stimulate urban development and attract visitors and investment. Rotterdam staged the 'Cultural Capital of Europe' event in 2001 aiming to position itself as a cultural destination. Questionnaire responses are used to evaluate the image effects of the event and In depth interviews with policy-makers and cultural managers are used to allow evaluation of survey findings in the context of more in depth qualitative material.

ID978: The Urban Lifeworld - Formation, Perception, Representation
Through analyses of architecture, urban planning, film and literature, the authors show the changing city visions involved in the development of Copenhagen - the focus of the analysis is on Skt. Jo¨rgens Quarter outside the ramparts surrounding the medieval city, and on Manhattan in New York.

ID982: The Shrinking Cities Project
Investigates recent developments in Detroit, Ivanovo, Manchester / Liverpool and Halle / Leipzig . Experts from different academic and artistic disciplines visit key areas and talk to the inhabitants. The project's aim is to find innovative development strategies for shrinking cities. Shrinking cities is a project (2002-2005) of the Federal Cultural Foundation, under the direction of Philipp Oswalt (Berlin) in co-operation with the Leipzig Gallery of Contemporary Art, the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation and the magazine archplus.Includes varoius articles from participants.

ID983: I programmi di Settlement Upgrading in Albania
Abstract in English and Italian. Full article(pdf) in Italian. After the 1991 collapse of the Labour Party in Albania the system of town planning had to change to face the transition from a centralized and collectivist economic and town planning system to one of urban and country dynamics closer to the models of the market of Western Europe. Albania needed a system of urban planning to go alongside rapid economic growth and change.Includes the Strategic Plan for Tirana and a road system plan.

ID987: The Appreciative System of Urban ICT Policies: An Analysis of Perceptions of Urban Policy Makers
The study focuses on the way urban decision-makers perceive the opportunities of ICT policy. It develops a conceptual model to map out the driving forces of ICT policies in cities in Europe. Using a survey of over 200 European cities and by means of statistical multivariate methods (i.e., factor and cluster analysis), the decision-makers areclassed according to the way they perceive their city (the concept of 'imaginable city', their opinion about ICT, and the way they assess the relevance of ICT policies to their city. Finally it proposes an explanatory framework using a log-linear logit analysis

ID995: Arts and culture as experimental spaces in the city
Ghent has been a leading player in democratizing cultural practices and processes of consumption, by directing them to the benefit of the city's neighbourhood communities. This paper tells of the successes and potentialities of projects organized in the city under the title Kunst in de Buurt (Arts in the Neighbourhood).

ID997: 'Scale' and the instituted construction of the urban: contrasting the cases of Manchester and Lyons
Using intricacies of scale and also institutional perspectives on social and economic life and its governance as a framework, this paper reveals contrasting scalar strategies of interurban competition within two city case studies - Manchester and Lyons. It outlines the main theoretical and conceptual developments in the literature on scale.

ID1001: Social Challenges and Organising Capacity in Cities
Globalization and the transition to a knowledge society position cities as 'new economy' nerve centres These trends have sharpened competition between cities so that local authorities, national and regional governments, the European Commission have focused on urban policy and development. Despite economic progress, many cities are also dealing with multifarious social problems and an emerging dual society.This book compares 8 cities, analysing their strategies to combat social problems at the levels of public administration, private organisations, NGOs and community groups. It examines how social problems threaten the attractiveness of cities and how different urban revitalization projects deal with this.

ID1004: The model 'City region Ruhr 2030' and its implementation. A research project becomes political reality
Eight cities of the Ruhr region and the Faculty of Spatial Planning (University of Dortmund) contributed to the research project 'City region Ruhr 2030'. The participating municipalities made permanent their cooperative status with a metropolitan contract indicating concrete fields of action and project guidance. This paper examines this project and its implementation. The success of this voluntary project-oriented form of cooperation promises a stable basis for other projects developed at an inter-municipal level.

ID1005: Connecting the Fractal City
This paper, keynote speech at the 5th Biennial of town planners, sees living cities as having intrinsic fractal properties and problems of connectivity. Using the analogy of the biological organism, it argues that the challenge for the contemporary city is how to superimpose competing connective networks in the most positive way.

ID1010: Creative, Cultural , Knowledge, Cities
Creativity, culture, knowledge are seen as new keywords in the understanding of the transformation of cities and the belief now held that the furure of cities will be linked to these concepts.

ID1013: Cities of Europe : Changing Contexts, Local Arrangements, and the Challenge to Urban Cohesion
This is a combination of book and CD-ROM examining the effects including the spatial impact of recent socio-economic transformations on western European cities using a comparative approach by highlighting specifics of European cities vis-à-vis other urban contexts and analysing the intra-European differences. It focuses on the play between segregation, social exclusion and governance issues. The CD-ROM contains 2,000 photographs from 17 cities and 126 thematic maps plus interviews with established scholars, and literature reviews. The book and the CD-ROM are linked through an extensive cross-referencing system

ID1016: Guides and manuals of "better practice" as an aid to planning in England
The Urban Design debate led to a need to renew tools for orienting building and regeneration processes in the urban environment. In England, texts controlling the formal and qualitative aspects of design represent a non-prescriptive supplementary apparatus; guides and manuals drawn up nationally, but on the scale of counties, districts, cities or neighbourhoods, contain principles and examples to be adapted locally. Includes downloadable images,web links, nmanuals and case studies.

ID1019: A Discovery of Creative Talent in the margins of Urban Development
Creative workers (artists and small-scale cultural entrepreneurs) are a target group in debates about urban development. This article discusses the policies put in place by Amsterdam city to combat the lack of affordable housing and work space for such workers.

ID1024: Beyond moving people: excavating the motivations for investing in urban public transit infrastructure in Bilbao Spain
This paper examines the context and contradictions in Bilbao Spain as regards its public transit system. These systems are seen as being about more than moving people, but as part of a wider urban context and are examined for their potential to achieve both a tangible set of objectives and an intangible symbolic meaning

ID1031: Containing Urban Sprawl: Trends in Land Use and Spatial Planning in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona
Considerable debate within the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona about the role of spatial planning in influencing general land-use trends has led to the belief that it has not been particularly successful in reducing urban pressures on rural areas. The aim of this study is to explore the apparent links between urban sprawl, spatial planning and changing land use in the rural-urban fringe of Barcelona. It concludes that the main impacts of sprawl are concentrated in agricultural areas, and that the planning system has not been capable of containing urban growth.

ID1034: Residential location affects travel behavior, but how and why? The case of Copenhagen Metropolitan Area
Criticisms of previous investigations into the relationship between urban structure and transport gave rise to this study of residential location and travel behaviour in the Copenhagen metropolitan area, using qualitative interviews as well as travel surveys. It concludes that the amount of travel is influenced first by location in relation to the main centre of the metropolitan area, and to a lesser extent by the distance to local centres although the specific influences of the urban structure of the Copenhagen metropolitan area affects travel behaviour within all the investigated subgroups. Includes appendices, methodology.

ID1045: Swedish Planning in times of Diversity
In English, front page and list of contents on www.planering.org Overview of the local, regional and national and EU levels of plannng in Sweden with project examples. Covered in a special issue

ID1056: ESPON Project 2.3.2 Governance of Territorial and Urban Policies from EU to Local Level (2004-06)
Aims to define and elaborate common ground for investigating the institutional and instrumental aspects of the implementation of territorial and urban policies in Europe.It focuses on the effectiveness of different systems e.g. a policy mix of spatial planning ( in different Member States), local government powers and taxation policy in meeting common spatial development strategies and objectives such as a polycentricity, balancing urban-rural needs, reviving derelict urban areas, urban regeneration, sustainable management of natural and cultural assets. The analysis is based on a comparative review of instruments used and stakeholders involved in various policy areas.

ID1068: Introducing Transit Preferential Treatment: Is a Political Maverick Necessary for Public Transportation to Innovate?
Buses, and public transport in general, are animportant transport element in all urban areas but increase in demand, especially from cars, has led to increased congestion. By applying the agenda-building theory to public transport, the paper outlines how innovative policies of preferential treatment can be introduced and determines if the presence of a policy entrepreneur is a necessary and sufficient condition. Uses 11 cities in Europe and America as case studies.

ID1069: Competitive European Cities: Where do the Core Cities Stand?
Focuse on 8 core British cities to define and measure urban competitiveness, comparing within UK and then within a European comparative scenario. In depth case study work includes a variety of tables and figures, evidence of economic and social performance of cities. This includes data specifically for the project from 15 continental cities and 8 Core Cities. There is also some quantitative data from a range of existing studies.

ID1104: Growth in commuting distances in French polycentric metropolitan areas: Paris, Lyon and Marseille
It is generally perceived that a polycentric distribution of employment and people shortens commuting distances because people locate within or close to their employment sub-centre (co-location hypothesis). This paper examines the three biggest French metropolitan areas over the past decade and concludes that this is true for only a minority of inhabitants The majority of people living in a sub-centre work outside their sub-centre of residence. Also the majority of jobs located in sub-centres are held by non-residents who are generally living further and further from their place of work.

ID1106: Anchorage and Dialogue: Tensions between Planning and Local Democracy
The thesis focuses on how local planners prepared, implemented and followed up a dialogue with the inhabitants in Alby, a multicultural community. The planners based their work on the ambition that everything done to develop Alby should be anchored among the residents in a democratic manner. The study analyses this, using a combination of different action-theoretic approaches: normative together with genealogic approaches on power and rhetoric. To make use of these action theories in a multicultural community the thesis explores radical feminism (situated knowledge) and postcolonial theory. Methodologically, the study is based on participatory observation.

ID1115: The Spatial Dimensions of Urban Social Exclusion and Integration
1. A comparative report on economic restructuring and social exclusion and on the spatial patterning of social exclusion in te selected cities. 2. A comparative report on social exclusion and integration in the selected neighbourhoods. 3. The final repot gives a synthesisand explicitly addresses the research questions.It includes the findings on the policies combating social exclusion, an assessment of the modes of economic integration as a framework for understanding social exclusion and integration, an assessment of the neighbourhood effects on exclusion and integration, a comparative analysis of social exclusion and integration strategies for particular social groups and finally, recommendations on taking spatial patterns of social exclusion into account in strategies to enhance social integration.

ID1117: Future City
This book focuses on cities as the major form of human settlement for the future. It examines the transformation in urban connurbations which have seen an unprecedented rate of change and growth. This book analyses the causes of these changes, and looks at how the planning and design of cities can shape the urban future. Includes 20 line drawings, 171 photos

ID1140: Ex-post evaluation of thirty years of compact urban development in the Netherlands
The authors see the impacts of compact urban development as lacking, first, insights into how a region or country would have appeared under policy regimes other than those realised and, secondly, a broad evaluation of relevant land use, transport, accessibility and related societal and ecological impacts. This report examines an initial attempt to establish a methodology and evaluation framework for analysing the effectiveness of Dutch compact urbanisation policies implemented between 1970 and 2000. It concludes that without compact urban development policies, urban sprawl in the Netherlands is likely to have been greater, car use higher at the cost of alternative modes, as would emission and noise levels in residential and natural environments, and there would have been an increase in the fragmentation of wildlife habitats

ID1146: Splintering Urbanism: networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition
This book gives an international and interdisciplinary analysis of the complex interactions between infrastructure networks and urban spaces. It presents the concept of a critical urbanism centred on examining infrastructure and flow

ID1148: Lessons from the implementation of Portuguese Digital Cities
This paper examines the way in which reforms by Portuguese Government, specifically concerning the development of Portuguese Digital Cities, have been arranged and conducted in order to influence the objectives of increasing urban living conditions, combating inwardness, promoting employment and economic competitiveness and supporting social integration policies.

ID1154: e-topia "Urban Life, Jim--But Not As We Know It"
The global digital network is a whole new urban infrastructure-seen as changing the forms of cities as dramatically as railroads, highways, electric power supply, and telephone networks did in the past. The author examines this new infrastructure and its implications.

ID1186: Comparative Analysis of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region
Because of lack of a clear image as a metropolitan region, the Rhine-Ruhr Region is often not measured against other regions. A comparison of the Rhine-Ruhr Region with Los Angeles, Chicago, New York, London and Sydney reveals how these regions present themselves as leading world metropolises and what policies and measures they employ in order to function as a unified metropolitan area.

ID1194: A cooperative future for RheinRuhr
The emerging functional urban region of RheinRuhr seems to need to develop a cooperative spatial future. This article explores the underlying difficulties in trying to move forward in regional cooperation and strategic regional development..

ID1197: National Urban Policies in the European Union; Responses to urban issues in the fifteen member states (1998) and (2004)
Euricur conducted a follow up investigation on urban policy conducted by national authorities in the fifteen 'old' member states of the European Union. The first investigation into the state of the art of national urban policy was completed in 1997. The second report, focusing on the changes in national urban policies since then and also taking into account the European influence on national policy making, is a background document and source of information for the ministers of the member states of the European Union responsible for urban matters.

ID1199: Spatial Planning; urban development
Website of Federal Office for Building and regional planning. Reports. Research. News. Ongoing. In German and English

ID1229: La Pianificazione strategicaa in Italia e in Europa:: metodologie ed esiti a confronto
Discusses strategic spatial planning in the Italian context and compares it with other spatial planning concepts in other European countries. Contains 8 case studies (4 Italian; 4 from other European countries)

ID1277: The Working Capital view
This paper discusses social scientist approaches to processes affecting the lives of people living within particular large and complex (i.e. diverse and highly connected) contemporary cities, in relation to that of the Working Capital study of London (Buck et al., 2003) which combines narrative, social science and critique of the conventional wisdom about change in cities. It argues for a non-reductive approach, mixing qualitative/local and quantitative/metropolitan analyses to question assumptions on 'the impact of flexibilisation and global-cityisation' on economic, social and political processes in particular cities.

ID1281: The Emerging Property Development Pattern in Greece and its Impact on Spatial Development
Real estate market and property development dynamics in Greece are undergoing some critical changes, exhibiting a new condition which governs the relationship between capital and landed property in the current phase of capitalist development. A key feature of these changes is the formation of a property development pattern which clearly marks a break with the dominant conventional one which is structured upon small-scale owner occupation and the absence of big capital.

ID1310: European Urban Knowledge Network
The European Urban Knowledge Network (EUKN) shares knowledge and experience on tackling urban issues. Fifteen EU Member States, EUROCITIES, the URBACT Programme and the European Commission participate in this European initiative.Main themes so far are social inclusion & integration; housing; transport & infrastructure; urban environment; economy, knowledge & employment; security & crime prevention

ID1312: Case Studies : Urban areas
At the informal meeting of Ministers on urban policy in December 2005 in Bristol (United Kingdom), three examples of Spanish urban areas were presented as benchmarks in the context of the approval of the Bristol Accord and relating to the objective to create sustainable communities within the European Union

ID1313: Munchen-Isar Plan
Within the urban area of Munich, a part of the river Isar 6 km in length was substantially restructured, renaturated and recovered for the leisure and recreational use of the urban population. The redesign is planned to be gradually continued. An interdisciplinary working group of the city council h prepared the renaturation concept under the responsibility of the local water management office. The so-called 'Isar Plan' combines flood protection with the restoration of a near-natural river landscape and the improvement of the leisure and recreation quality in the river bank zone. Plan available in German at http://www.eukn.org/binaries/germany/bulk/practice/2005/10/m--nchen---isar-plan.pdf

ID1420: The meaning of place and state-led gentrification in Birmingham’s Eastside Publisher Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
This paper takes forward such concerns through a case study of the ongoing regeneration of an individual district of the city: Birmingham Eastside. Using the stories of two pubs, whose fortunes are permanently re-shaped by state-led development initiatives, the paper develops a critical reflection on academic and policy debates relating to gentrification and the restructuring of central districts of large cities. In particular, the authors highlight how current thinking about the regeneration of inner city districts marginalizes the socio-cultural meaning of place and the human networks that animate city places.

Byron Ioannou

Janne Antikainen